A macro-level analysis of language learning and migration

Abstract This article investigates the macro-level drivers of adult-age language learning with a focus on migration based new dataset German in 77 countries (including Germany) for 1992–2006. Fixed-effects regressions show that abroad is strongly associated immigration from European Union and Schengen Area whose citizens enjoy free access to Germany, while Germany restricted access. The different degrees uncertainty about seem be importance preparatory learning. To shed light country heterogeneities, we substitute location fixed effects vector characteristics, which include several distance measures among others, estimate random-effects model. Last, provide some tentative arguments favour causal interpretation. main results related role are mostly unaffected. Skilled Immigration Act 2020 removes part this potential positive economic social integration.